A HERNIATED DISC IS A SERIOUS MATTER, BUT IT DOESN'T MEAN THE END OF WEIGHT TRAINING FOR LIFE.
Can I continue bodybuilding when I am pain-free and can do sports again, or would you advise me against it and recommend another sport? Although I find that hard to imagine at the moment, because bodybuilding is the sport that gives me the most joy! If you think I could continue bodybuilding: Which exercises should I avoid in the future, or what other exercises could I replace them with?
ANSWER

I can tell you one thing in advance: heavy squats should be off limits for you from now on and forever, otherwise you risk paraplegia. This disaster can happen if you do squats with 100 kilos or more, your intervertebral discs "burst" backwards and injure or even sever your spinal cord.
You should also avoid the following exercises in the acute phase after the prolapse and in the next few months (see picture on the right):
Front and neck presses and deadlifts. Train your shoulders with cable lateral raises and your legs with leg presses, leg extensions and leg curls. I also advise you to perform each repetition of each exercise with 100 percent concentration. With such a significant pre-exercise, cheating would be dangerous and negligent. Reduce the weights at first so that you can concentrate optimally on the sequence of the movement and thereby achieve maximum training intensity.After completing the prescribed treatment, I recommend that you visit a sports orthopedist and/or take training sessions with a qualified sports instructor. A sports rehabilitation trainer who has experience with bodybuilders would also be an option. Your specific case also belongs in professional hands when it comes to aftercare.
You certainly won't have to give up bodybuilding. If you follow my advice, always train safely and cleanly and follow the doctors' instructions, nothing should stand in the way of your recovery and resuming weight training. I hope I was able to help you a little and of course I wish you a speedy recovery!